Integrated physiotherapy and orthodontic functional therapy are essential for optimizing musculoskeletal and stomatognathic health. Structured post-surgical rehabilitation is clinically paramount to restore function, prevent complications, and ensure long-term success following orthopedic interventions. This review aims to synthesize the clinical and translational methodologies underpinning interdisciplinary care between orthopedic surgeons, orthodontists, and rehabilitation specialists. It examines key methodological and evaluation frameworks, including evidence-based protocols, functional outcome measures, and motion analysis. Major applications are explored, spanning rehabilitation after joint arthroplasty and fracture fixation, post-spinal surgery protocols, and the management of temporomandibular dysfunction through combined physiotherapy and functional appliance therapy. The article concludes that systematic, patient-centered rehabilitation frameworks, facilitated by cohesive interdisciplinary collaboration, significantly enhance functional recovery and patient-reported outcomes. Future research should focus on standardizing protocols, integrating digital monitoring technologies, and developing personalized rehabilitation strategies to advance the field of integrated orthopedic and orthodontic care.