Introduction: the incorporation of robotic surgery into total knee and hip arthroplasty has expanded the capacity for three-dimensional planning, alignment control, and component positioning. However, it remains controversial whether technical superiority translates into clinically relevant benefits. 
Objective: to critically analyze recent evidence on robotic surgery in total knee and hip arthroplasty, comparing surgical accuracy, clinical and functional outcomes, safety, complications, revisions, and perioperative aspects. 
Methods: a descriptive and analytical systematic review conducted according to PRISMA 2020, with searches of bibliographic databases for studies published between 2021 and 2026. Clinical trials, comparative studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses involving primary robotic arthroplasty were considered. 
Results: the studies demonstrated a consistent advantage of robotics in alignment accuracy, reduction of outliers, acetabular positioning, restoration of limb length, and reproducibility of planning. In knee arthroplasty, functional gains were modest and heterogeneous; in hip arthroplasty, radiographic improvement was not accompanied by uniform superiority in clinical scores. Complication rates were similar to or lower than those of conventional techniques, although operative time was longer. 
Conclusion: robotic surgery is becoming established as a highly accurate tool with potential for arthroplasty personalization, but long-term clinical superiority and cost-effectiveness still require confirmation through multicenter studies with extended follow-up.