Background: Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD) represent a complex group of musculoskeletal conditions affecting the temporomandibular joint, masticatory muscles, and associated structures. The relationship between dental malocclusion and TMD has been extensively debated in the literature, with conflicting evidence regarding the strength and nature of this association.
Objective: This comprehensive review aims to analyze the current evidence regarding the correlation between various types of malocclusion and temporomandibular joint disorders, examining the pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic implications.
Methods: A systematic review of literature was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases from 2010 to 2024. Studies investigating the relationship between malocclusion and TMD were included, with emphasis on cross-sectional studies, case-control studies, and longitudinal cohort studies. Data extraction focused on malocclusion types, TMD prevalence, diagnostic criteria, and statistical associations.
Results: The analysis revealed a moderate but significant correlation between certain types of malocclusion and TMD. Class II malocclusion showed the strongest association (OR: 2.34, 95% CI: 1.78-3.08), followed by anterior open bite (OR: 2.12, 95% CI: 1.56-2.89) and crossbite (OR: 1.89, 95% CI: 1.34-2.67). Posterior crossbite and severe crowding demonstrated weaker but statistically significant associations. The relationship appears to be multifactorial, involving biomechanical, neuromuscular, and psychosocial components.
Conclusion: While a definitive causal relationship remains elusive, the evidence supports a moderate correlation between specific malocclusion patterns and TMD. The relationship is complex and influenced by multiple factors including occlusal interferences, muscle dysfunction, genetic predisposition, and psychological stress. Clinical assessment should consider both occlusal and non-occlusal factors in TMD evaluation and treatment planning.